PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian													Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian													Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian													Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian													Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean													Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Pannonian	9.4
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Sarmatian	11.63
															late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
																		Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4										23.03
																Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian														Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian																	37
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Bartonian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
															Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian															To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian															To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian				Cretaceous 4										100.5
					Middle Albian														106.2 *
					Early Albian														109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian				Cretaceous 3										113
		Aptian			Early Aptian				Cretaceous 3										119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian														139.8
					Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
					Early Berriasian														142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5										149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		Mapingian †	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1					Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean					Pakerort	Taoyuanian †		Cambrian 5	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian		Paibian									494
		Paibian		Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Drumian						Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian			Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			Cambrian 2							521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian			Cambrian 1							529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian			Cambrian 1							530.7
																			538.8