PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of China		Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan			56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
								Planulata										179.3 *
								Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
								Kanense										181.3 *
								Carlottense										182.3 *
								Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae										184.2
								Freboldi										185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian																192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
		Wordian																264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian																293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian														Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian														300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian														303.7
				Dalaun														305.8 *
						305.9
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
				Huashibanian		318.5 *
				Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian		330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian					Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani				433.4
		Telychian					Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian		Gamachian			443.8
		Katian							Gamachian			445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean					487.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian							Paibian					494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian			Drumian				Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian					530.7
																		538.8