PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian				Ionian							0.129
		Chibanian				Ionian						Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian	13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian	41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian						Bumbanian				Heretaungan	47.8
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan					Teurian	56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian										Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean	90.5
												Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan	93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
												Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan	100.5
												Urutawan	103.3
											Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian										Korangan	113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian			256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		Urzhumian			264.9 *
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
						Filipovian			276.5 *
				Pavlovoposadian		Filipovian			276.8 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
						Irginian			285.9 *
				Rusavkinian		Irginian			287.6 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
						Surenian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian				Kuzel		298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Khamovnikian			Cantabrian		305 *
				Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	Myachkovian				307
					Myachkovian		Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian			Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian			Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian				311.4 *
					Vereian				313.8
					Vereian			Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Melekessian				315.2
					Cheremshanian				316.9 *
					Cheremshanian			Westphalian A	317 *
					Prikamian			Westphalian A	318.6 *
					Prikamian		Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Severokeltmian			Yeadonian	319.9 *
					Severokeltmian			Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian			Marsdenian	321.2 *
			Kinderscoutian		Krasnopolyanian			321.5 *
			Kinderscoutian		Voznesenian			321.9 *
			Alportian					322 *
			Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian	Late Mississippian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Arnsbergian		Zapaltjubian			324 *
					Protvian			324.4 *
					Steshevian			326.8 *
			Pendleian		Steshevian			327.4 *
			Pendleian		Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Warnantian	Brigantian †		Venevian	330.9
							Mikhailovian	331.9 *
							Aleksinian	333.7 *
							Tulian	335.8 *
				Livian	Asbian †		Tulian	336.3 *
				Livian	Asbian †		Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Bobrikian	340.2 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Ivorian			Kosvian	346.7
							Kizelian	350.7 *
							Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Hastarian			Cherepetian	353.7 *
							Karakubian	354.4 *
							Upinian	356.3 *
							Malevkian	357.6 *
							Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian		Chientangkiangian			445.2
						Eastonian		Chientangkiangian			449 *
						Eastonian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
						Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian				Gisbornian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian		Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian				Castlemainian		Dapingian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian		Yiyangian			470
						Bendigonian					471.8 *
						Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Xinchangian			477.7
										Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Warendian				Lianghekou †	482.8 *
													485.4