PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian						0.129
								Ensenadan						0.3 *
													Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
													Nukumaruan	1.63
								Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian												1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean						2.58
								Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
													Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
								Montehermosan					Opoitian	3.7 *
								Huayquerian					Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
								Chasicoan						7.9 *
								Mayoan						9.9 *
								Laventan						10.9 *
												Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan	11.63
													Lillburnian	13.05
								Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian												13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
								Friasian					Clifdenian	15.4 *
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian												15.98
								Santacrucian						16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
													Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian												20.44
								Deseadan						20.9 *
												Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
								Divisaderan					Runangan	35.9 *
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian												41.2
								Mustersan						41.9 *
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian												47.8
								Casamayoran						47.9 *
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican					Teurian	56
								Itaboraian						56.9 *
								Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic		Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
			Chokierian						323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Arnsbergian						324 *
			Pendleian						327.4 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien					408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine					410.8
														419.2