PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian															Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan													56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian														251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian														253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian									Longtanian †					254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian									Longtanian †					257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan														259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian														264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian														266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian														273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian														283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian														285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian														290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian														293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian															298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
								300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3		514											Dyeran
				Montezuman											514.8 *
				Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																		538.8