PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene			0.129
				Calabrian													Early Pleistocene			0.774
				Gelasian													Early Pleistocene			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian													Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean													Early Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian															Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian													Middle Miocene		Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian													Middle Miocene		Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian													Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian															Agenian	20
				Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													Early Oligocene			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene			33.9
				Bartonian													Middle Eocene			37.71
				Lutetian													Middle Eocene			41.2
				Ypresian													Early Eocene			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene			56
				Selandian													Middle Paleocene			59.2
				Danian													Early Paleocene			61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
				Sinemurian																192.9
				Hettangian																199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
				Carnian																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
				Wuchiapingian																254.14
				Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian													256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian			Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian			Urzhumian			Wordian										264.28
				Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian			Roadian										266.9
				Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian			Roadian										270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
							Filipovian													276.5 *
							Saraninian													280.1 *
Hessian					281.9 *		Saraninian
				Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
Wolfcampian						Irginian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
				Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
				Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
				Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Nealian	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian					330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian		Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
												Aksaian				490.7 *
												Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian										Paibian			494
			Paibian										Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian										Guzhangian			499.5
			Drumian									Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
			Drumian									Tuesaian	Drumian			503
			Wuliuan									Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
			Wuliuan									505.3	Wuliuan/Taijangian
		Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian	Early Cambrian		509
	Toyonian														510 *
	Botomian														512.5 *
	Botomian		Stage 3									Nangaoian			514
	Atdabanian		Stage 3									Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2													525.5
		Fortunian													529
		Fortunian										Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																				635