PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan										56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian													72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian													100.5
				Middle Albian													106.2 *
				Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian													113
		Aptian		Early Aptian													119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian													139.8
				Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
				Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian												146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian												157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras				168.2
				Late Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
				Early Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
													Planulata				179.3 *
															Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian													180.4 *
													Kanense				181.3 *
													Carlottense				182.3 *
				Early Toarcian									Carlottense				182.9 *
				Early Toarcian									Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									Kunae				184.2
													Freboldi				185.1 *
													Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
														Tetraspidoceras			189.2 *
													Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian													192.9
													Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
													Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian		Sevatian													208.5
				Alaunian													213.2 *
				Lacian													216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian													227
		Carnian		Julian													233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian													237
		Ladinian		Fassanian													239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian													242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian				303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian				438.7 *
											Raikkula			439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian											453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian										509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																	538.8