PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian							100.5
											Middle Albian							106.2 *
											Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian							113
		Aptian									Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian							139.8
											Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
											Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras							Late Bajocian							168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Late Bajocian							168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							Late Toarcian							174.7
				Planulata														179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi												179.8 *
											Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
				Kanense														181.3 *
				Carlottense														182.3 *
				Carlottense							Early Toarcian							182.9 *
				Kunae							Early Toarcian							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
				Freboldi														185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras													186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras													189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis													190.3 *
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian										Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
												Dobrotivian				458.5 *
												Oretanian				459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian											Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian										Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian	489.5													Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian	Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian	Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids									497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai									509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																		538.8