PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian						Pannonian				7.246
		Serravallian						Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian						Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian			168.2
						Humphresianum			Late Bajocian			168.4
						Humphresianum			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian			174.7
									Late Toarcian			180.1
									Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian			182
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian							Sevatian			208.5
									Alaunian			213.2 *
									Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian			227
		Carnian							Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian			237
		Ladinian							Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian			242
									Pelsonian			243.8 *
									Bithynian			244.7 *
									Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein				Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru		254.14
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller						259.51
		Wordian	Leine						264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb		266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5				Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian			Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4			Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran				514
					Montezuman				514.8 *
					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8