PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Silurian of the Baltic
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			MP 16			37.71
		Lutetian									MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan			MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian											298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian											303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian											307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian											323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian											330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian											346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian												358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian												372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian												382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian												387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian												393.3
		Pragian												407.6
		Lochkovian												410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli												Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		440.8	Raikkula
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
					Aksaian					490.7 *
					Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian						Paibian		494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
					Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8