PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean											0.129
							Irvingtonian											0.21
									Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian														0.774
							Blancan											1.4
									Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan									1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian									2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian									3
				Zanclean					Waipipian									3.6
									Opoitian									3.7
							Hemphillian		Opoitian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
							Clarendonian											9.4
								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian														11.63
							Barstovian											12.5
									Lillburnian									13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian														15.98
							Hemingfordian											16.3
							Arikareean											18.5
									Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian									20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
							Whitneyan											29.5
							Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian											33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
							Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian														37.71
									Bortonian									39.1
							Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
							Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian														47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
							Wasatchian		Mangaorapan									50.5
							Wasatchian		Waipawan									52
							Clarkforkian		Waipawan									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian		Teurian									56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian			Puercan											63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
			Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian			Korangan	113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian						Leine	264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian							Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian							Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian							Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian							Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chesterian	323.2
			Visean							Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian							Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian							Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian							382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian							387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian							393.3
			Pragian	Siegen							407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian			Berounian						449.7 *
			Sandbian									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
					Dobrotivian	458.5 *
					Oretanian	459.7 *
						Sarka †							461.7 *
			Dapingian			Klabava †							467.3
			Dapingian		Arenigian								468
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Sunwaptan					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
													Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian													489.5
								Steptoean								493 *
													Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian				494						Maentwrogian
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids			Marjumian					Albertian †		497
			Drumian					Marjumian							500.5
			Wuliuan					Topazan							504.5
			Wuliuan					Delamaran							506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai			Delamaran					Waucoban †		509
			Stage 4					Dyeran							511 *
Stage 3			514					Dyeran
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Begadean					519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2						521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †								538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †								571.7 *
																		635