PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene												0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene												0.774
				Gelasian				Early Pleistocene												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian	Late Pliocene											Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian			Ruscinian	Late Pliocene												3.1 *
				Zanclean			Ruscinian	Early Pliocene												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian	Late Miocene												5.333
				Tortonian			Turolian											Pannonian		7.246
				Tortonian			Vallesian											Pannonian		8.7
				Serravallian			Astaracian	Middle Miocene										Sarmatian		11.63
				Serravallian														Badenian		12.8 *
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian			Orleanian	Early Miocene												15.98
				Burdigalian			Agenian													20
				Aquitanian			Agenian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene												33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene												37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene												41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene												56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene												59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian											Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian											Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
															Planulata					179.3 *
															Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
															Kanense					181.3 *
															Carlottense					182.3 *
															Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian											Kunae					184.2
															Freboldi					185.1 *
															Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
																Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
															Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
				Sinemurian																192.9
															Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
															Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
				Hettangian											Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
				Carnian																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
Anisian			Middle Triassic	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian			Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan	Stage 5 †							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian		538.8
		Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian		571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																				1400