PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Tarantian			Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian								Ionian			Rancholabrean	0.129
															Irvingtonian	0.21
								Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
															Blancan	1.4
								Nukumaruan								1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan								1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian								2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian								3
				Zanclean				Waipipian								3.6
								Opoitian								3.7
								Opoitian							Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
															Clarendonian	9.4
							Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian												11.63
															Barstovian	12.5
								Lillburnian								13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian								13.82
								Clifdenian								15.1
							Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
								Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian								20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								23.03
								Duntroonian								25.2
								Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian	33.9
							Arnold	Runangan								34.6
								Kaiatan								36.7
															Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian												37.71
								Bortonian								39.1
															Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
								Heretaungan								45.7
															Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
								Mangaorapan								48.9
								Mangaorapan							Wasatchian	50.5
								Waipawan							Wasatchian	52
								Waipawan							Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
										Huashibanian	318.5 *
										Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean							Shangsian	330.9
			Visean							Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian					443.8
			Katian		445.2	Bolindian
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian	Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian	Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
				Bendigonian	471.8 *
				Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10	Niuchehean								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian				489.5				Sunwaptan
			Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian				Steptoean				493 *
			Paibian	Paibian								494
			Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian							494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5	Marjumian
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian			Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
			Stage 4	Duyunian			Dyeran				511 *
			Stage 3	Nangaoian			Dyeran				514
							Montezuman				514.8 *
Begadean							519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian			521
			Fortunian	Meishucunian			529
			Fortunian	Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †						538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635