PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian										Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean										Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian										Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian										Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian										Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian										Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian										Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian										Agenian	20
				Aquitanian										Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian							Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
				Bartonian							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Ypresian								Bumbanian			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Gashatan				56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian			Dorashamian		251.902
				Changhsingian						Baoqingian			Dorashamian		253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian			Dzhulfian		254.14
				Wuchiapingian						Laibinian			Dzhulfian		257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan			Midian		259.51
				Wordian						Kuhfengian			Midian		264.28
				Wordian									Murgabian		266.2 *
				Roadian									Murgabian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian			Kubergandian		273.01
				Kungurian									Bolorian		279.8
				Artinskian											283.5
										Longlinian					285.4 *
													Yakhtashian		286
				Sakmarian									Sakmarian		290.1
Asselian				Zisongian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
			Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian									489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †	St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian				Marjumian					500.5
			Wuliuan				Topazan					504.5
			Wuliuan				Delamaran					506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai		Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 4				Dyeran					511 *
			Stage 3				Dyeran					514
							Montezuman					514.8 *
							Begadean					519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
															635