PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian								Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian								Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian								Turolian				7.246
												Vallesian				8.7
												Vallesian			Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian								Astaracian			Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian								Astaracian			Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian								Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
												Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
												Agenian				20
				Aquitanian								Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian						100.5
										Middle Albian						106.2 *
										Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian						Late Aptian						113
				Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
										Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
										Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian						Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian						Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian						174.7
										Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
										Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian						Sevatian						208.5
										Alaunian						213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian	264.28
			Roadian		Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian			Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian						453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3								Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran		Wonokan †								Vendian †	571.7 *	Vendian
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
																1400