PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of Western Europe	Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene									0.129
				Calabrian			Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Gelasian			Early Pleistocene									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Yushean	2.58
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene								Yushean	3.6
				Zanclean			Early Pliocene								Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene									5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian			Middle Miocene								Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian			Middle Miocene								Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian			Early Miocene								Shanwangian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Xiejiaan	16.9
				Aquitanian											Xiejiaan	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
				Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
				Lutetian			Middle Eocene									41.2
				Ypresian			Early Eocene		Bumbanian							47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Gashatan								56
				Selandian			Middle Paleocene									59.2
				Danian			Early Paleocene									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein						254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes						259.51
				Wordian												264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian						Autunian						283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
Kasimovian				303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian			Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †		456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian					458.5 *
						Oretanian					459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
			Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
			Dapingian			Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
	Delamaran		Wuliuan								506.5
	Delamaran	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	509
	Dyeran		Stage 4									511 *
	Dyeran		Stage 3									514
	Montezuman											514.8 *
	Begadean											519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Wonokan †		Vendian †	571.7 *
																635