PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of China			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian								Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian			16.3
												Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan			29.5
												Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian								Bridgerian			47.8
												Wasatchian			50.5
												Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian								Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
				Bajocian										Humphresianum	168.4
				Aalenian									Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					180.1								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
				Norian		208.5
				Carnian		227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
				Wordian			264.28
				Wordian		Noginskian	264.9 *
				Roadian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
				Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
				Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	283.5
				Artinskian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
				Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian			293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
				Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian	303.7
						Khamovnikian	304.8
						Krevyakinian	305.8 *
				Moscovian		Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
				Bashkirian		Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
				Visean		Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
				Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
				Pragian			407.6
				Lochkovian			410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
Ludlow			Ludfordian	423
Ludlow			Gorstian	425.6
Wenlock			Homerian	427.4
Wenlock			Sheinwoodian	430.5
Llandovery			Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	Bolindian	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian				Bolindian	445.2
				Chientangkiangian				Eastonian	449 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Eastonian	449.5
								Gisbornian	452 *
	Sandbian		453					Gisbornian
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Darriwilian			458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Darriwilian		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian		Chewtonian			470
					Bendigonian			471.8 *
					Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian					477.7
							Lianghekou †	477.9 *
					Warendian		Lianghekou †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
															635