PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean					Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian					Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian					Clarendonian		11.63
				Serravallian					Barstovian		12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
									Hemingfordian		16.3
									Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
				Rupelian							27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian					Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
				Khamovnikian	304.8
				Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
			Visean	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian				489.5
			Aksaian				490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian					494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian				497
			Ayusokkanian				Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan				Branchian	509
			Toyonian		Lenian †			510 *
			Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian					514
			Atdabanian					515.6 *
			Atdabanian				Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian					521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
											635