PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran								0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	0.0117
				Chibanian													Ionian	0.129
				Chibanian						Castlecliffian							Ionian	0.34
				Calabrian						Castlecliffian								0.774
				Calabrian						Nukumaruan								1.63
				Gelasian						Nukumaruan								1.8
				Gelasian						Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian					Tertiary †			2.58
				Piacenzian						Waipipian								3
				Zanclean						Waipipian								3.6
				Zanclean						Opoitian								3.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian						Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian						Tongaporutuan								7.246
				Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian						Waiauan								11.63
				Serravallian						Lillburnian								13.05
				Langhian						Lillburnian								13.82
										Clifdenian								15.1
									Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian						Altonian								15.98
				Burdigalian						Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian						Otaian								20.44
				Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian								23.03
										Duntroonian								25.2
										Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
									Arnold	Runangan								34.6
										Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian						Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian						Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian						Bortonian								41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
										Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian						Heretaungan								47.8
										Mangaorapan								48.9
										Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian								56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian								66
				Campanian						Haumurian								72.1
				Santonian						Piripauan								83.6
				Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
										Mangaotanean								90.5
										Arowhanan								93.7
				Cenomanian						Arowhanan								93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
										Motuan								99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan								100.5
										Urutawan								103.3
									Taitai	Korangan								108.4
				Aptian						Korangan								113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †				Series 3 †	497
			Drumian	Marjumian										500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan	Stage 5 †									504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran	Stage 5 †									506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †									509
			Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran										514
				Montezuman										514.8 *
				Begadean										519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †									Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †									Wonokan †		571.7 *
																		635