PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ordovician of China			North American Mammal Subages/Zones					Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian						Sheridanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan										Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan										Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Villanyian	Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian															Ruscinian	Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean																Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															Turolian	Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian															Turolian		7.246
																			Vallesian		8.7
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Vallesian		9.4
				Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Astaracian	Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian															Orleanian	Early Miocene	15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
																			Agenian		20
				Aquitanian															Agenian		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Late Oligocene	23.03
											Monroecreekian										23.1 *
											Geringian										24.7 *
				Rupelian							Geringian									Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian																Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian																Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian																Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
				Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Early Eocene	47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian								To3/To2/To1								Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian								To3/To2/To1								Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan			150
																		Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Callovian														Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli					Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		Bolindian	443.8
			Katian				Chientangkiangian						Bolindian	445.2
							Chientangkiangian						Eastonian	449 *
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						Eastonian	449.5
													Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian										Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo			Darriwilian	458.4
			Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Darriwilian	466.3 *
			Dapingian				Dapingian						Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian				Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						Chewtonian	470
													Bendigonian	471.8 *
													Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian				Xinchangian							477.7
											Lianghekou †			477.9 *
											Lianghekou †		Warendian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4											509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635