PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ordovician of China			Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean						0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian						0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian						0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian							Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
											Hemingfordian						16.3
											Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
				Rupelian													27.82
											Whitneyan						29.5
											Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian						47.8
											Wasatchian						50.5
											Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian						56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian						56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian						59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian						61.6
				Danian							Puercan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian		113
				Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan		Late Kimmeridgian		150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *								Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
			Norian		Warepan		Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan			217
					Oretian			221
			Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian	227.5
							Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
					Etalian		Longobardian	238
							Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
							Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian	249
			Induan				Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Kathwai	DUrville		Griesbachian	Makarewan	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai					251.902
									252.4 *
				Chhidru					252.9 *
								Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
								Puruhauan	254.2
				Kalabagh					255 *
				Wargal					256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima			Flettian	259.51
			Wordian						264.28
									265.3 *
								Barettian	266
				Amb					266.1 *
			Roadian	Amb					266.9
			Roadian						270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
			Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian			303.7					Stephanian A
			Kasimovian			Cantabrian					305 *
			Moscovian			Cantabrian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
						Westphalian			Westphalian D		307.4 *
									Westphalian C		309.8
									Westphalian B		314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
									Westphalian A		317 *
						Namurian			Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
									Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian			Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
						Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian				Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian				Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian		358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian							Late Frasnian		372.2
										Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
										Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian		382.7
										Middle Givetian		383.7 *
										Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian							Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian							Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian							Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian		410.8
										Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
Early Lochkovian							415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian		Hunjiang †			Darriwilian			Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †		497
		Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran				514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635