PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan							Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean										0.014
				Chibanian							Rancholabrean										0.129
				Chibanian							Irvingtonian										0.21
				Calabrian							Irvingtonian										0.774
				Calabrian							Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean							Hemphillian										4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian							Clarendonian										9.4
				Serravallian							Clarendonian										11.63
				Serravallian							Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
											Hemingfordian										16.3
											Arikareean										18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
				Rupelian																	27.82
											Whitneyan										29.5
											Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian							Duchesnean										37
				Bartonian							Duchesnean										37.71
				Bartonian							Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian							Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian							Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian							Bridgerian										47.8
											Wasatchian										50.5
											Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian										56
				Thanetian							Tiffanian										56.2
				Selandian							Tiffanian										59.2
				Selandian							Torrejonian										60.9
				Danian							Torrejonian										61.6
				Danian							Puercan										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan				145
				Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
																Kawhia	Ohauan				150
																	Heterian				154.5
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Callovian													Temaikan				164.3
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
Aalenian				170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan		254.2
					Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Flettian			264.28
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Barettian			266
			Roadian	Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian		276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
						Telfordian	Sarginian		285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian									Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Richmondian			446 *
									Eastonian						449 *
													Berounian		449.7 *
												Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian				450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
									Gisbornian							452 *
			Sandbian													453
												Turinian				453.7 *
												Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Whiterockian				Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
														Liben †					458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Darriwilian						458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
													Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian										Klabava †				467.3
			Yapeenian					Arenigian	468
			Castlemainian						468.5 *
			Castlemainian						Rangerian			469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Chewtonian						Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †					Cassinian †	470
			Bendigonian															471.8 *
			Lancefieldian															473.5 *
											Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadocian			Tulean							477.7
											Stairsian							480.3 *
											Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
			Warendian														Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																485.4
		Stage 10																487.5
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian												498.4
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian			509
		Stage 3		Branchian			514
		Stage 3		Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635