PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian Subages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia			Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Chibanian																	0.129
				Calabrian																	0.774
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian																Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Cenozoic 4	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		Cenozoic 4	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Cenozoic 3	33.9
				Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Cenozoic 3	37.71
				Lutetian																Cenozoic 2	41.2
				Ypresian														Bumbanian		Cenozoic 2	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan			Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian																Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian																Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Aptian																Cretaceous 3	113
				Barremian																Cretaceous 2	121.4
				Hauterivian																Cretaceous 2	125.77
				Valanginian																Cretaceous 1	132.6
				Berriasian																Cretaceous 1	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Jurassic 6	145
				Kimmeridgian																Jurassic 5	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																Jurassic 4	165.3
				Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras							168.2
				Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
				Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						Jurassic 3	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
														Planulata							179.3 *
														Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
														Kanense							181.3 *
														Carlottense							182.3 *
														Kunae							183.5 *
				Pliensbachian										Kunae						Jurassic 2	184.2
														Freboldi							185.1 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
															Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
														Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian																Jurassic 1	192.9
														Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
														Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian										Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																Triassic 4	201.4
				Norian																Triassic 4	208.5
				Carnian																Triassic 3	227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																Triassic 2	237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																Triassic 2	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian	Southwoodian			Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian	Southwoodian			Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Devonian 2	Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian			Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare				Silurian 2		419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma						421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare						423
			Ludfordian	Paadla						423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula						427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu						430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani						431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				Silurian 1		433.4
			Telychian	Adavere						434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere						438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula						439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula						440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru						441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill		Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan		445.2
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
								Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan			451.5 *
										Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian								Ordovician 4		453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Ordovician 3		458.4
			Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Ordovician 3		461.3 *
			Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Ordovician 2		467.3
Arenig			Dapingian					Fennian		468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian		470
								Whitlandian		471.1 *
								Moridunian		474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc					Migneintian		Ordovician 1		477.7
								Cressagian				480.8 *
								Cressagian				Mansian †		483.55 *
												Mansian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian		Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian						489.5
										Aksaian						490.7 *
										Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian					Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan					Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan						509
										Toyonian		Lenian †				510 *
										Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian					Cambrian 2	514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian						521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †			Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																					635