PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of North America					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †							2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
				Tortonian																						7.246
				Serravallian																						11.63
				Langhian																						13.82
				Burdigalian																						15.98
				Aquitanian																						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
				Bartonian																		MP 16				37.71
				Lutetian																		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
				Ypresian																		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																		MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
				Selandian																						59.2
				Danian																						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian																				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian																				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian																				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian																				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian																				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																				Late Albian		100.5
																								Middle Albian		106.2 *
																								Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian																				Late Aptian		113
				Aptian																				Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian																				Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian																				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian																				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian																				Late Berriasian		139.8
																								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian																				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian																				Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian																				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian																				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian																					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian																				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian																				Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian																				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian																				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				Late Toarcian		174.7
																								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																								Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian																				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian																				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian																				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																						201.4
				Norian																				Sevatian		208.5
																								Alaunian		213.2 *
																								Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian																				Tuvalian		227
				Carnian																				Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				Longobardian		237
				Ladinian																				Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian																				Illyrian		242
																								Pelsonian		243.8 *
																								Bithynian		244.7 *
																								Aegean		245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																				Spathian		247.2
Smithian				Olenekian	248.9 *
Induan				Dienerian	251.2
Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
			Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien			Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian								Rawtheyan		Gamachian	445.2
											Rawtheyan		Richmondian	446 *
											Cautleyan			448.9 *
											Pusgillian			449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
													Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
													Edenian			450.4 *
												Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
											Cheneyan					451.5 *
											Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian													453
														Actonian †		453.2 *
Turinian				453.7 *										Actonian †
				Marshbrookian †									Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †	455.2 *
					Aurelucian						456.8 *
Whiterockian												Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
			Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
			Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										467.3
				Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
											Rangerian				469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian								Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Whitlandian						Blackhillsian					471.1 *
					Whitlandian						Tulean					473.9 *
					Moridunian											474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian											477.7
					Migneintian						Stairsian					480.3 *
					Cressagian						Stairsian					480.8 *
					Cressagian						Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
															Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †	497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																509
	Series 2	Stage 3																514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																										635