PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian						Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
										Hemingfordian				16.3
										Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
										Whitneyan				29.5
										Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian				47.8
										Wasatchian				50.5
										Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian						Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
				Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.4
				Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
					180.1						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
				Norian		208.5
				Carnian		227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
				Wordian		Wordian	264.28
				Roadian		Roadian	266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
				Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
				Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
				Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
				Asselian			Nealian	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
				Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
				Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
				Pragian					407.6
				Lochkovian					410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
			Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
			Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
				Aeronian					438.5
				Rhuddanian					440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
				Katian					445.2
				Sandbian					453
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
			Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
			Early Ordovician	Floian					470
			Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
				Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
				Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
				Paibian						Steptoean	494
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
				Drumian					Marjumian		500.5
				Wuliuan					Topazan		504.5
				Wuliuan					Delamaran		506.5
			Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
				Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
				Stage 3					Dyeran		514
Montezuman									514.8 *
Begadean									519.9 *
			Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
			Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
		Ediacaran			Wonokan †				Vendian †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								1000
		Ectasian								1200
		Calymmian								1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian								1600
		Orosirian								1800
		Rhyacian								2050
		Siderian								2300
Archean	Neoarchean									2500
	Mesoarchean									2800
	Paleoarchean									3200
	Eoarchean									3600
Hadean										4000
														4600