PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican				56
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	Midian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
					Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
					Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian				283.5
						Yakhtashian	286
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Nealian	Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400