PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
				Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †				2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
				Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian					Bumbanian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan											56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian												251.902
				Changhsingian			Baoqingian												253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian									Longtanian †			254.14
				Wuchiapingian			Laibinian									Longtanian †			257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan												259.51
				Wordian			Kuhfengian												264.28
				Roadian			Kuhfengian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian												273.01
				Artinskian			Luodianian												283.5
				Artinskian			Longlinian												285.4 *
				Sakmarian			Longlinian												290.1
				Asselian			Zisongian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
Xiaodushanian					300 *
						300.1
				Kasimovian		303.7
Dalaun				Kasimovian		305.8 *
				Moscovian		307
				Bashkirian		315.2
Huashibanian						318.5 *
Lousuan						321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Dewunian		323.2
			Serpukhovian	Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian		330.9
			Visean	Jiusian		335 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
	Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan									Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan									Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
			Stage 4											Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3		514									Dyeran
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Begadean									519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																			635