PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Salt Range	Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian					0.0117
				Chibanian					Ionian					0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Serravallian										11.63
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian		66
				Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian				247.2
				Induan										251.2
				Induan			Kathwai							251.5 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai							251.902
														252.4 *
							Chhidru							252.9 *
				Wuchiapingian			Chhidru			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
							Kalabagh							255 *
							Wargal							256 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
				Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
														265.3 *
Amb					266.1 *
Amb				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
				Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
				Artinskian		283.5
				Sakmarian		290.1
				Asselian		293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
				Kasimovian		303.7
				Moscovian		307
				Bashkirian		315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
				Visean		330.9
				Tournaisian		346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
				Pragian		Siegen			407.6
				Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
			Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
			Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
				Aeronian					438.5
				Rhuddanian					440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
				Katian					Bolindian	445.2
									Eastonian	449 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
				Sandbian					Gisbornian	453
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	458.4
				Dapingian					Yapeenian	467.3
				Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
			Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
				Tremadocian					Lancefieldian	477.7
				Tremadocian					Warendian	482.8 *
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
				Jiangshanian						489.5
				Paibian						494
			Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
				Drumian						500.5
				Wuliuan						504.5
			Series 2	Stage 4						509
			Series 2	Stage 3						514
			Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
			Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
			Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
			Cryogenian										635
			Tonian										720
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
			Ectasian										1200
			Calymmian										1400
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
			Orosirian										1800
			Rhyacian										2050
			Siderian										2300
	Archean	Neoarchean											2500
		Mesoarchean											2800
		Paleoarchean											3200
Eoarchean		3600
Hadean		4000
														4600