PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene	0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian			Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian								Clarendonian			Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian								Duchesnean			Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian								Duchesnean			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian								Bridgerian			Early Eocene	47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian								Tiffanian			Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian								Puercan			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian									Late Aptian			113
				Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian			150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *				Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian		168.2
							Late Bajocian		Humphresianum	168.4
							Early Bajocian		Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense		Late Toarcian	174.7
					Herangi		Thouarsense	Ururoan		176
										180.1
									Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Middle Toarcian	182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	188.9
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
			Norian		Warepan				Sevatian	208.5
									Alaunian	213.2 *
									Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan					217
					Oretian					221
			Carnian		Oretian				Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian	227.5
									Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian	237
					Etalian				Longobardian	238
									Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian	242
									Pelsonian	243.8 *
									Bithynian	244.7 *
									Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian				Aegean	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian	247.2
									Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian				Smithian	249
			Induan						Dienerian	251.2
									Griesbachian	251.4 *
	DUrville			Makarewan	Kathwai				Griesbachian	251.5 *
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian		Kathwai				Changhsingian		251.902
											252.4 *
					Chhidru						252.9 *
				Waiitian							253.2
				Waiitian					Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
				Puruhauan								254.2
					Kalabagh							255 *
					Wargal							256 *
	Guadalupian		Capitanian	Rotliegendes					Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian									264.28
												265.3 *
											Barettian	266
					Amb							266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb							266.9
			Roadian									270.7 *
	Cisuralian		Kungurian									273.01
			Kungurian								Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian	Autunian							Mangapirian	283.5
											Telfordian	285
												288.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian									293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
			Drumian			500.5
			Wuliuan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
																635