PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
				Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian												Bumbanian			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Gashatan				56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														Dorashamian	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											Dzhulfian	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian											Midian	259.51
				Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian											Midian	264.28
				Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian											Murgabian	266.2 *
				Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian											Murgabian	266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian														Kubergandian	273.01
				Kungurian														Bolorian	279.8
				Artinskian														Bolorian	283.5
				Artinskian														Yakhtashian	286
				Sakmarian														Sakmarian	290.1
				Asselian														Asselian	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
				Kasimovian															303.7
				Moscovian															307
				Bashkirian															315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian															323.2
				Visean															330.9
				Tournaisian															346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian															358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian															372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian															382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian															387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian															393.3
				Pragian															407.6
Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
			Katian		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
					Cautleyan				448.9 *
					Pusgillian				449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
					Streffordian	Berounian				449.7 *
					Cheneyan					451.5 *
					Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian							453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Aurelucian								456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
								Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian					Klabava †					467.3
						Arenigian							468
				Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian								470
					Whitlandian								471.1 *
					Moridunian								474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian							477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian								480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan							485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian							Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Branchian						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran								514
						Montezuman								514.8 *
						Montezuman	Placentian							517.1
						Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635