PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127751 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian											Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean											Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian										Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian										Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian										Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian										Badenian		12.8 *
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Agenian	20
				Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian									113
				Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras						168.2
							Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
							Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
							Early Toarcian			Carlottense						182.9 *
							Early Toarcian			Kunae						183.5 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian					227
			Carnian	Julian					233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian					237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian					247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Wordian						Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian							Virgilian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian	Missourian		303.7
									Khamovnikian			304.8
									Dalaun		Krevyakinian	305.8 *
										Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian	305.9 *
			Moscovian								Myachkovian	307
											Podolskian	308.9 *
											Kashirian	311.4 *
										Atokan	Kashirian	312.7 *
											Vereian	313.8
											Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian								Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian			316.9 *
										Morrowan	318.4 *
									Huashibanian		318.5 *
								Prikamian			318.6 *
								Severokeltmian			319.9 *
								Lousuan	Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
								Lousuan	Voznesenian		321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	Zapaltjubian	Chesterian	323.2
									Protvian		324.4 *
									Steshevian		326.8 *
									Tarusian		329 *
								Shangsian	Tarusian		330.8 *
			Visean						Venevian		330.9
									Mikhailovian		331.9 *
									Aleksinian		333.7 *
								Jiusian	Aleksinian		335 *
									Tulian	Meramecian	335.8 *
									Bobrikian	Meramecian	339.9 *
									Bobrikian	Osagean	343.1 *
									Radaevkian		343.4 *
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Kosvian		346.7
						Kizelian			350.7 *
						Cherepetian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
Wenlock		Homerian	427.4						Buildwas
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
Llandovery		Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635