PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
				Calabrian									Early Pleistocene			0.774
				Gelasian									Early Pleistocene			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	Late Pliocene			2.58
				Piacenzian								Ruscinian	Late Pliocene			3.1 *
				Zanclean								Ruscinian	Early Pliocene			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian								Turolian	Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian								Turolian				7.246
				Tortonian								Vallesian				8.7
				Serravallian								Astaracian	Middle Miocene			11.63
				Langhian								Astaracian	Middle Miocene			13.82
				Burdigalian								Orleanian	Early Miocene			15.98
				Burdigalian								Agenian				20
				Aquitanian								Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene			33.9
				Bartonian									Middle Eocene			37.71
				Lutetian									Middle Eocene			41.2
				Ypresian									Early Eocene			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene			56
				Selandian									Middle Paleocene			59.2
				Danian									Early Paleocene			61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras									168.2
				Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
				Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
							Planulata									179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
							Kanense									181.3 *
							Carlottense									182.3 *
							Kunae									183.5 *
				Pliensbachian			Kunae									184.2
							Freboldi									185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
				Sinemurian												192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
				Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
			Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien				Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian							Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien				Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
			Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
			Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
Paibian			494
Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian						497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian						499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan						504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan						509
			Toyonian				Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †			Poundian †		Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran							Vendian †			Wonokan †		Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400