PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian												MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian												MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean												MN 15	3.6
																MN 14	4.2
																MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian												MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian												MN 12	7.246
																MN 11	7.75
																MN 10	8.7
																MN 9	9.7
																MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian												MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian												MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian												MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian												MN 4	15.98
																MN 3	16.9
																MN 2	20
				Aquitanian												MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian												MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan		150
															Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Callovian											Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
				Bajocian				Humphresianum									168.4
				Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
								Thouarsense						Herangi	Ururoan		176
																	180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum										182
				Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										184.2
				Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni								Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										192.9
				Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
				Norian											Warepan		208.5
															Otamitan		217
															Oretian		221
Carnian				227											Oretian
Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
Middle Triassic			Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
Early Triassic			Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
			Pragian			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare				419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma				421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare				423
			Ludfordian			Paadla				423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
			Telychian			Adavere				434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan			445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc		Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan				451.5 *
							Burrellian	452.7 *
			Sandbian					453
								Actonian †			453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †				455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †				456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
			Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
			Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian					470
							Whitlandian					471.1 *
							Moridunian					474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
			Tremadoc			Cressagian	480.8 *
							485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635