PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean						0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean						0.0004
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean						0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean						0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian						0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian						0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan						1.4
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
				Zanclean											3.6
				Zanclean					Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Tortonian					Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian					Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
									Hemingfordian						16.3
									Arikareean						18.5
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
									Whitneyan						29.5
									Orellan						31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3		Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean						37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean						37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2		Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian						46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian						47.8
									Wasatchian						50.5
									Clarkforkian						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian						56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian						56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian						59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian						60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian						61.6
				Danian					Puercan						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8								66
				Campanian			Cretaceous 7								72.1
				Santonian			Cretaceous 6								83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4								100.5
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3								113
				Barremian			Cretaceous 2								121.4
				Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2								125.77
				Valanginian			Cretaceous 1								132.6
				Berriasian			Cretaceous 1								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6								145
				Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5								149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian			Jurassic 4								165.3
				Bajocian			Jurassic 4								168.2
				Aalenian			Jurassic 3								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3								174.7
				Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2								184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
															635