PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6										0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Cenozoic 4										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3										33.9
				Bartonian			Cenozoic 3										37.71
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2										41.2
				Ypresian			Cenozoic 2										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1										56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian			Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian			Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4								Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian		113
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian			Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian			Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian			Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian			Jurassic 4								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian			Jurassic 3								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian			Jurassic 1								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian			Jurassic 1								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4										201.4
				Norian											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian			Triassic 3								Tuvalian		227
				Carnian			Triassic 3								Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian		Midian	Leine		264.28
			Wordian		Murgabian	Leine		266.2 *
			Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian			273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			293.52
			Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
								Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian		358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian		372.2
										Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
										Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian		382.7
										Middle Givetian		383.7 *
										Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian							Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian	Devonian 2						Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian	Devonian 1						Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian		410.8
										Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
										Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
Katian			445.2	Ordovician 5
Sandbian			Ordovician 4	453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
				Aksaian										490.7 *
				Sakian										492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
				Toyonian			Dyeran						511 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
							Montezuman						514.8 *
				Atdabanian			Montezuman						515.6 *
				Atdabanian			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †		Poundian †									538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian †		Wonokan †									571.7 *
																	635