PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of Western Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian								0.0117
				Chibanian		Sheridanian								0.129
				Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
				Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
				Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
				Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
							Monroecreekian							23.1 *
							Geringian							24.7 *
				Rupelian			Geringian							27.82
				Rupelian										29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
				Priabonian										37
				Bartonian										37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
				Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
				Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
				Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
				Selandian				To3/To2/To1						60.9
				Danian				To3/To2/To1						61.6
				Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic		Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian		113
				Aptian								Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian						Neocomian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
Bajocian				Late Bajocian	168.2
Bajocian				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
			Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
			Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
Dapingian		Middle Ordovician	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †					497
		Drumian	Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4	Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						514
			Montezuman						514.8 *
			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian							Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau		1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan		1375
														1400