PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean														0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean														0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												Tarantian		0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean												Ionian		0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian												Ionian		0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian														0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan														1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean		Hemphillian														4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian		Clarendonian														9.4
				Serravallian		Clarendonian														11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian														12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
						Hemingfordian														16.3
						Arikareean														18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
				Rupelian																27.82
						Whitneyan														29.5
						Orellan														31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian														33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean														37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean														37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan														39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan														41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian														46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian														47.8
						Wasatchian														50.5
						Clarkforkian														54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian														56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian														56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian														59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian														60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian														61.6
				Danian		Puercan														63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Pusgillian							449.3 *
						Pusgillian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
						Caradoc						Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian											453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
									Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
									Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
			Dapingian			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian			Dapingian				Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian						Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian			Xinchangian				Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
											Lianghekou †	Migneintian			477.9 *
												Cressagian			480.8 *
															485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian													Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan												504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran												506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran												Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran													511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran													514
			Montezuman													514.8 *
			Begadean													519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2														521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian														Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau			1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan									1375
																				1400