PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian				Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian				Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian		Ionian				Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan		3.6
										Montehermosan		3.7 *
										Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
										Chasicoan		7.9 *
										Mayoan		9.9 *
										Laventan		10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan		11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian						Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian		15.98
										Santacrucian		16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
				Rupelian								27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian								37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican		56
										Itaboraian		56.9 *
										Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
												1400