PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of North America				Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian									Late Pleistocene			0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian									Middle Pleistocene			0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene			0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene			3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene			5.333
				Tortonian											Late Miocene			7.246
				Serravallian											Middle Miocene			11.63
				Langhian											Middle Miocene			13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene			15.98
				Aquitanian											Early Miocene			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			33.9
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene			37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene			41.2
				Ypresian						Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						Late Paleocene			56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene			59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene			61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian											100.5
							Middle Albian											106.2 *
							Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian											113
				Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
							Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
							Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian			Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian											174.7
							Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
							Early Toarcian											182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian			Sevatian											208.5
							Alaunian											213.2 *
							Lacian											216.7 *
				Carnian			Tuvalian											227
				Carnian			Julian											233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian											237
				Ladinian			Fassanian											239.7 *
				Anisian			Illyrian											242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
							Alexandrian		438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dapingian									467.3
			Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Sunwaptan	487.5
											Festiniogian					489.2 *
			Jiangshanian													489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
											Maentwrogian					493.1 *
			Paibian								Maentwrogian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Caerfai				Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
Dyeran			Stage 4	511 *
Dyeran			Stage 3	514
Montezuman				514.8 *
Begadean				519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian							538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian								Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau							1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian							1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian							1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan							1375
																		1400