PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Eastern North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6				0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
				Chibanian													0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian											2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian											3.1 *
				Zanclean		Ruscinian											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian											5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian											7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian											8.7
				Serravallian		Astaracian							Cenozoic 5				11.63
				Langhian		Astaracian											13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian											15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian											20
				Aquitanian		Agenian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian									Cenozoic 4				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3				33.9
				Bartonian									Cenozoic 3				37.71
				Lutetian									Cenozoic 2				41.2
				Ypresian									Cenozoic 2				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1				56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian									Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian									Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian									Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Cretaceous 4		Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian									Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian		113
				Aptian									Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian									Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian									Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian									Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian									Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian									Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian									Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian									Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian									Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian									Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Triassic 4				201.4
				Norian											Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
Carnian				Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian		251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Devonian 5	Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Devonian 4	Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Southwoodian					Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Southwoodian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Devonian 2		Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju			Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu		445.2
										Vormsi		449.6 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
							Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
										Haljala			453.9
										Kukruse			456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
							Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
			Dapingian							Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
										Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian							Hunneberg		Ordovician 1		477.7
										Varangu				481.3 *
Pakerort					482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan		487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan		489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean		493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
			Drumian							Cambrian 4	Marjumian			500.5
			Wuliuan							Cambrian 3	Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan								Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
			Stage 4								Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3							Cambrian 2	Dyeran			514
											Montezuman			514.8 *
								Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1	529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian					538.8
			Cryogenian													635
			Tonian													720
			Tonian								Karatau					800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau					1000
			Stenian								Yurmatian					1100
			Ectasian								Yurmatian					1200
			Ectasian								Burzyan					1375
																	1400