PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian											Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian											Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian											Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean											Chapadmalalan				3.6
															Montehermosan				3.7 *
															Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
															Chasicoan				7.9 *
															Mayoan				9.9 *
															Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian											Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian											Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian											Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian											Friasian				15.98
															Santacrucian				16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
				Rupelian											Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian											Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian											Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian											Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian											Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Riochican				56
															Itaboraian				56.9 *
															Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
				Danian											Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian						66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic						100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian									Neocomian						125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																		Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Callovian														Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan		254.2
					Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Urzhumian				Barettian	266
			Roadian	Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
							Filipovian		276.5 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
							Sarginian	Telfordian	285
							Irginian		285.9 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Bursumian †			Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian						298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian						303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian						305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian						307
			Moscovian	Atokan						312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan						315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan						318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian						323.2
			Visean	Chesterian						330.9
				Meramecian						335.8 *
				Osagean						343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean						346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian						351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian							358.9
				Middle Famennian							365.3 *
				Early Famennian							368.5 *
			Frasnian	Late Frasnian							372.2
				Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
				Early Frasnian							379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian							382.7
				Middle Givetian							383.7 *
				Early Givetian							385.9 *
			Eifelian	Late Eifelian							387.7
			Eifelian	Early Eifelian							390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian							393.3
			Emsian	Early Emsian							398.3 *
			Pragian	Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian							410.8
				Middle Lochkovian							412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian							415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †						Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian									489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan											509
			Toyonian		Lenian †									510 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
		Tonian				Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau			1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan			1375
																			1400