PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian										0.129
				Chibanian			Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian			Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian			Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian			Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian			Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian						Villanyian	2.58
							Waipipian						Villanyian	3
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean			Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian	5.333
				Messinian			Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian										7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
						Southland	Waiauan						Vallesian	11.04
				Serravallian			Waiauan						Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian			Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian			Lillburnian							13.82
							Clifdenian							15.1
						Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian			Altonian						Orleanian	15.98
							Otaian						Orleanian	18.7
													Agenian	20
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
							Duntroonian							25.2
							Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian						Kekeamuan				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan							34.6
							Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian			Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Bartonian			Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian			Bortonian							41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
							Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian			Heretaungan				Bumbanian			47.8
							Mangaorapan							48.9
							Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian			Gashatan				56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian							66
				Campanian			Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian			Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
							Mangaotanean							90.5
							Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian			Arowhanan							93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
							Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan							100.5
							Urutawan							103.3
						Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian			Korangan							113
				Aptian										117.5
Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	259.51
			Wordian		Midian	264.28
			Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian		Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian		Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian		Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian			298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian			303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian			307
			Moscovian		Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan			315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan			318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian			323.2
			Visean		Chesterian			330.9
					Meramecian			335.8 *
					Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
			Stage 10				Festiniogian		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian				Festiniogian		489.5
			Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
			Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids				Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian				Caerfai	Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3	Branchian						514
			Stage 3	Placentian						517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian						Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau				1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan				1375
														1400