PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16									2.58
				Piacenzian					MN 15									3.2
				Zanclean					MN 15									3.6
									MN 14									4.2
									MN 13									4.9
			Miocene	Messinian					MN 13									5.333
				Tortonian					MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
									MN 11									7.75
									MN 10									8.7
									MN 9									9.7
									MN 7 + 8									11.1
				Serravallian					MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
				Serravallian					MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
				Langhian					MN 5									13.82
				Burdigalian					MN 4									15.98
									MN 3									16.9
									MN 2									20
				Aquitanian					MN 2									20.44
				Aquitanian					MN 1									22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian			113
				Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian			150
								Ohauan							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
								Heterian							Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
				Callovian				Temaikan							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
				Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
				Bajocian											Late Bajocian			168.2
				Bajocian											Early Bajocian			168.6 *
				Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian			174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan							Late Toarcian			176
															Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
															Early Toarcian			182.9 *
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan	Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian	227.5
						Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
					Etalian	Longobardian	238
						Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian			Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
					Malakovian	Aegean	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
						Smithian	248.9 *
					Nelsonian	Smithian	249
			Induan			Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
					Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
					Puruhauan			254.2
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
			Wordian					264.28
								265.3 *
					Barettian			266
							Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian				Amb	266.9
			Roadian					270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
					Telfordian			285
								288.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
			Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian								453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian						Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian											Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
Drumian			500.5										Marjumian
Wuliuan			Topazan			504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran			506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran			Waucoban †							509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2											521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian											Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					1000						Karatau
		Stenian					Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan						1375
																		1400