PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene							Tarantian	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
				Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian												Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene						Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian												Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene						Clarendonian		11.63
				Serravallian												Barstovian		12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene								15.98
																Hemingfordian		16.3
																Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Rupelian						Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				27.82
																Whitneyan		29.5
																Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian						Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian												Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian												Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian												Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene					Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
																Wasatchian		50.5
																Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian						Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian						Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian						Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian												66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic												100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian		Neocomian												125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras							168.2
				Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
				Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
Planulata					179.3 *
Planulata					Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
Kanense								181.3 *
Carlottense								182.3 *
Kunae								183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian				184.2
Freboldi								185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi								Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras								Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian					192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras				196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian					199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
			Wordian								264.28
			Roadian								266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
			Artinskian								283.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian								293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli					Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian				Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian				Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian				Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani			433.4
			Telychian				Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			438.5	Adavere
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				Rawtheyan				445.2
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian				Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
			Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
			Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
			Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian	470
							Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
						485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4					509
Series 2		Stage 3					514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2					521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian							Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau				1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan				1375
																		1400