PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian													Sheridanian			0.129
				Chibanian													Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Calabrian													Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
				Calabrian													Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Gelasian					MN 17											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16											2.58
				Piacenzian					MN 15											3.2
				Zanclean					MN 15											3.6
									MN 14											4.2
									MN 14								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
									MN 13											4.9
			Miocene	Messinian					MN 13											5.333
				Tortonian					MN 12											7.246
									MN 11											7.75
									MN 10											8.7
									MN 10								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
									MN 9											9.7
									MN 7 + 8											11.1
				Serravallian																11.63
																	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
									MN 6											12.8 *
				Langhian					MN 5											13.82
				Burdigalian					MN 4											15.98
									MN 4								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									MN 3								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.9
									MN 3								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
									MN 2											20
				Aquitanian					MN 2											20.44
				Aquitanian					MN 1											22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
																		Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																		Geringian		24.7 *
				Rupelian														Geringian		27.82
				Rupelian																29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian													Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian																37
				Bartonian																37.71
				Bartonian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian													Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian															To3/To2/To1	60.9
				Danian															To3/To2/To1	61.6
				Danian															Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										Gallic	Late Albian					100.5
															Middle Albian					106.2 *
															Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian					113
				Aptian											Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian										Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian		Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian		Tuvalian		227
			Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
			Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian		251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pirgu	449.5
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian			Keila					Idavere †	453
						Haljala						453.9
						Kukruse						456.4 *
						Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Uhaku		Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
						Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian	Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian									470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian									477.7
									Lianghekou †				477.9 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
Drumian			500.5
Wuliuan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran											Vendian	Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian											Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau			1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan			1375
																				1400