PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	Tertiary †			2.58
				Piacenzian								Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean								Ruscinian				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian								Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian								Turolian				7.246
				Tortonian								Vallesian				8.7
				Serravallian								Astaracian				11.63
				Langhian								Astaracian				13.82
				Burdigalian								Orleanian				15.98
				Burdigalian								Agenian				20
				Aquitanian								Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
				Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian							Bumbanian					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan						56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian							66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic							100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian					Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Longtanian †		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
				Wordian												264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian												283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											Mapingian †	298.9
				Kasimovian											Mapingian †	303.7
				Kasimovian												305.9
				Moscovian												307
				Bashkirian												315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
					Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
					Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
				Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
						Adavere	434 *
							436.3 *
			Aeronian				438.5
				Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	489.5
							Aksaian	490.7 *
							Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian				Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
			Guzhangian						499.5
			Drumian				Zhanaarykian		500.5
			Drumian				Tuesaian		503
			Wuliuan				Tuesaian		Stage 5 †	504.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
							Toyonian			510 *
	Botomian						512.5 *
	Botomian		Stage 3				514
	Atdabanian		Stage 3				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					525.5
		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
																1400