PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
				Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Zechstein							254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian								Rotliegendes							259.51
				Wordian															264.28
				Roadian															266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
				Artinskian								Autunian							283.5
				Sakmarian															290.1
				Asselian															293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Late Pennsylvanian						298.9
				Kasimovian									Late Pennsylvanian						303.7
				Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian						307
				Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian				425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	Gleedonian	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope	Gleedonian	428.4 *
							Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
			Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
			Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian				470
									Whitlandian				471.1 *
									Moridunian				474.3 *
			Tremadocian					Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
									Cressagian				480.8 *
									Cressagian				Mansian †	483.55 *
													Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian															489.5
	Aksaian												490.7 *
	Sakian												492.2 *
													Steptoean				493 *
			Paibian														494
			Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian												Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian														499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian														500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan												Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian										Lenian †			510 *
			Toyonian									Dyeran				511 *
			Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3														514
												Montezuman				514.8 *
			Atdabanian									Montezuman	515.6 *
			Atdabanian									Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian						538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian										Karatau						800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau						1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan						1375
																			1400