PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian																	11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
				Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
				Lutetian																	41.2
				Ypresian					Bumbanian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan													56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
				Kimmeridgian																	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Pliensbachian																	184.2
				Sinemurian																	192.9
				Hettangian																	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
				Norian																	208.5
				Carnian																	227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																Buntsandstein	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian																Ohre/Aller	259.51
				Wordian																Leine	264.28
				Roadian																	266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
				Artinskian																	283.5
				Sakmarian																	290.1
				Asselian																	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †															298.9
				Kasimovian		Mapingian †															303.7
				Kasimovian																	305.9
				Moscovian																	307
				Bashkirian																	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian																	323.2
				Visean																	330.9
				Tournaisian																	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian			433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian						Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
					Eastonian				Richmondian		449 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Gisbornian							452 *
			Sandbian									453
									Turinian			453.7 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian								467.3
					Castlemainian								468.5 *
					Castlemainian				Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Bendigonian									471.8 *
					Lancefieldian									473.5 *
									Tulean					473.9 *
			Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
					Warendian								Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian														Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau		1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan		1375
																					1400