PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian											Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian											Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian							Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian							Late Pliocene	3.1 *
				Zanclean				Ruscinian							Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian							Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian								7.246
				Tortonian				Vallesian								8.7
				Serravallian				Astaracian							Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian				Astaracian							Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian							Early Miocene	15.98
				Burdigalian				Agenian								20
				Aquitanian				Agenian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian											Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian									Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan		150
														Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Callovian										Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Toarcian									Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian										Ururoan		184.2
				Pliensbachian										Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
				Norian										Warepan		208.5
														Otamitan		217
														Oretian		221
				Carnian										Oretian		227
				Carnian									Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Kaihikuan		237
				Ladinian										Etalian		238
				Anisian										Etalian		242
				Anisian										Malakovian		246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian			Malakovian		247.2
				Olenekian										Nelsonian		249
Induan				251.2										Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
			Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan								485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494							Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †							497
		Drumian	Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian							538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian			Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau							1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian							1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian							1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan							1375
																1400