PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of North America	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian								Late Aptian		113
				Aptian								Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan		Late Kimmeridgian		150
										Ohauan		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
										Heterian		Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
				Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Callovian						Temaikan		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
				Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian								Late Bajocian		168.2
				Bajocian								Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian		174.7
									Herangi	Ururoan		Late Toarcian		176
												Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
												Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Pliensbachian						Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
				Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
				Norian						Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
												Alaunian		213.2 *
												Lacian		216.7 *
										Otamitan				217
										Oretian				221
				Carnian						Oretian		Tuvalian		227
									Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
												Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian		237
										Etalian		Longobardian		238
												Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian								Illyrian		242
												Pelsonian		243.8 *
												Bithynian		244.7 *
												Aegean		245.5 *
										Malakovian		Aegean		246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian		247.2
												Smithian		248.9 *
										Nelsonian		Smithian		249
				Induan								Dienerian		251.2
												Griesbachian		251.4 *
									DUrville	Makarewan		Griesbachian		251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan				251.902
				Changhsingian						Waiitian				253.2
Wuchiapingian				254.14						Waiitian
Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
			Asselian			Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian			Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian						307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
						Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
						Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
						Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian						Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian						Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare							419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma							421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare							423
		Ludfordian	Paadla							423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula							427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu							429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu							430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani							433.4
		Telychian	Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere							438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian								Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
														1400